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Key Points
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What is a Literature Review?
A literature review is different to an essay. It provides a snapshot of what we know about the research on a particular topic. The author is required to do a comprehensive search of relevant and recent literature (journal articles, text books, websites) to identify what is known about a topic. The main themes are then identified and crtically analysed. A literature review should cover:
What are the steps to write a literature review?
Adapted from Scribbr. Click here to learn more
Organising Body Paragraphs
Do not arrange by articles.
Arrange by themes and ideas across the articles.
Adapted from:
Ni Shé, C., Farrell, O., Brunton, J., & Costello, E. (2021). Integrating design thinking into instructional design: The #OpenTeach case study. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 38(1), 33–52. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.6667
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Instructional design (ID) is defined as the “translating principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials, activities, information resources, and evaluation” (Smith & Ragan, 2005, p. 2). ID as an approach to designing and developing learning experiences dates back to the Second World War and has long been recognised as critical to the enactment of quality teaching and learning in HE (Conole, 2013; Dimitriadis & Goodyear, 2013; Laurillard, 2012). ID has since evolved with many different models now in existence, the most referenced being the analyse, design, develop, implement, evaluate (ADDIE) model (Adnan & Ritzhaupt, 2018; Branch & Kopcha, 2014; Göksu et al., 2017; Svihla, 2017). |
First sentence of the paragraph introduces the theme: defining ID. APA 7: Use quotation marks and page number for a direct quote
The author supports their argument with several authors. They have used the ; to synthesise multiple sources |
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However, instructional designers have been moving away from traditional models such as ADDIE because “design is no longer just concerned with content, or a single technological learning artefact, but with learning environments” (Wasson & Kirschner, 2020, p. 827). A further criticism of traditional ID models is that they are too slow and inflexible due to waterfall or linear design stages which must be completed step by step and focus too much on content and not enough on student-educator interaction (Bates, 2019; Shivla, 2017). Therefore, the focus of design has moved from content creation to learning experience, an emphasis on speed, flexibility and non-linear processes. This shift in thinking and approach draws on ideas from disciplines such as product development and software design (Adnan & Ritzhaupt, 2018; Wasson & Kirschner, 2020). As agile (iterative, flexible and adaptable) and user-centred methods were developed for software development, so too were they imported into ID, bringing a focus on the user or student experience of interacting with the interface or learning environment (Adnan & Ritzhaupt, 2018; Tawfik et al., 2021). For example, design thinking, an agile user-centred approach, has begun to be applied in the field of ID. |
First sentence links the next main idea of the new paragraph to the previous paragraph.
The author uses linking words to guide the reader and show the relationship between the research.
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Referring to sources |
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Much of the current literature on X pays particular attention to … Author: reported / identified / showed that /demonstrated that … |
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Comparing and contrasting |
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Other writers have argued that … |
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Discussing findings |
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One interesting finding is … This finding is consistent with that of Smith (2000) who … Future research: Despite these promising results, questions remain. |
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Being Critical |
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Such approaches, however, have failed to address … The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than However, the main weakness of the study is the failure to address how … However, such explanations tend to overlook the fact that … Jones (2003) has challenged some of Smith’s conclusions, arguing that … |
